jueves, 24 de diciembre de 2015

MUSICA TROPICAL DE COLOMBIA Y AMÉRICA. LISTADO PARA ESCUCHAR (COLECCIÓN DE 1200 EXITOS)

http://fabionelsonortizmoncada.blogspot.com.co/

MUSICA TROPICAL DE COLOMBIA Y AMÉRICA. LISTADO PARA ESCUCHAR (COLECCIÓN DE 1200 EXITOS) 

 

1200 EXITOS BAILABLES DEL AYER,
UNA RECOPILACION DE LO MEJOR DE LA MUSICA TROPICAL DE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XX (1950 – 2000)

VARIADO MASCULINO
1.    Adiós amor – Grupo Karacol (Venezuela)
2.    Agüita de coco - Afrosound (Colombia)
3.    Alegría costeña – Los Alegres Diablos (Colombia)
4.    Alma quibdoseña – Los Black Stars (Colombia)
5.    Amaneciendo - Adolfo Echeverría (Colombia)
6.    Aquellos diciembres – Los Falcons (Colombia)
7.    Así de fácil - Otto Serge (Colombia)
8.    Así te quiero yo – La Gran Banda caleña (Colombia)
9.    Ay papá  – Los Alegres Tropicales (Colombia)
10. Besito de coco - La Sonora Matancera
11. Besos, besos - Grupo Melao
12. Brindis – El Conde y Su Corte
13. Brujería - Johnny Albino Y Su Trío San Juan
14. Carmen de bolívar – Juan Carlos Coronel
15. Compadrito – Rufo Garrido y Su Orquesta
16. Compae chemo – Tulio Zuloaga
17. Compae miguel (el ermitaño) - Tulio Zuloaga
18. Con paso fino – Manduco
19. Coquetona – Grupo Karabali
20. Cruz a cuestas – Jorge Grajales “Escalera”
21. Cumbia bogotana – Pedrito Arango
22. Cumbia candelosa – Edmundo Arias
23. Cumbia ceretana – Anam
24. Cumbia sobre el rio - Celso Piña
25. Cumbia triste - Antonio León
26. Diana  María – Lucho Bermúdez
27. Dos copas - Los Número Uno
28. Dulce amor - Los Guayaberos
29. El aguardientero – J. R. Quintero y Sus Famosos Hispanos
30. El año viejo - Tony Camargo
31. El bizcocho - Los Cuquitos
32. El carretero - Guillermo Portabales
33. El librito - Marqua y Su Combo
34. El mecánico – Edmundo Arias
35. El mozo – Organización X
36. El muñeco de la ciudad; burundanga – Alquimia
37. El negrito del batey; la mama y la hija – Alquimia
38. El paraguas, viejo del sombreron – Bahía Sound (Colombia)
39. El pávido návido – Trío Huaricancha
40. El pulgón – Orquesta Ecos 
41. El Revoliatico, el pávido návido, la roncona - Banda Fiesta.
42. En aquellos años – Las estrellas latinas, canta Jorge Grajales “escalera” HD
43. Es tarde ya - los dumis
44. Esa pareja – Afrosound, canta May González
45. Felicitaciones - Adolfo  Echeverría
46. Fiesta de navidad – Banda Fiesta
47. Guayacán pasodobles – Orquesta Guayacán
48. Huérfano soy – Trío La Rosa
49. Isla para dos – Nano Cabrera
50. Juicio final - Lucho Beltrán
51. La bandolera – Tony Camargo
52. La calle 13 – Pedro Laza y Sus Pelayeros
53. La canoa rancha – Grupo Niche
54. La cantaleta – Los Bestiales
55. La china que yo tenía - San Miguelito
56. La Cinta Verde – Los Teen Agers
57. La cumbia chola - Orquesta Domino
58. La gallina – Grupo Tamborito
59. La guarapera - Pepe Molina
60. La ingrata – La sabrosísima, Canta Jorge Grajales HD
61. La locura continúa – Iván y Sus Bam Band
62. La luna y el pescador – Rómulo Caicedoç
63. La manzana sabrosa – Los Reales Del Valle
64. La monita - Gilberto Torres
65. La negra caliente - Pedro Laza y su banda - canta Crescencio Camacho
66. La negra Celina - Cristóbal Pérez
67. La negra Dorotea - Darío Cárcamo y Su Conjunto
68. La parabólica, Capullo y Sorullo – Bahía Sound
69. La pollera colora – Pedro Salcedo y su orquesta
70. La roncona – Trío Huaricancha
71. La saporrita - Don Filemón y su Banda
72. La suavecita – Manduco
73. La vamo a tumba – Grupo Saboreo
74. Las brujas - Otto Serge
75. Las pilanderas – José Barros
76. Las tres perlas – La Integración
77. Linda mujer - Orquesta Melodía
78. Llore, llore - Son Mulatos
79. Los Estudiantes – Los Boby Soxer’s
80. Mar de emociones – Afrosound, Canta Jorge Juan Mejía
81. Más que tu amigo - Marco Antonio Solís
82. Me contaron que te vas – Willy Quinetero y Su Combo, Canta: Julio Erazo
83. Me lo mochó por infiel – Jhonny Rivera
84. Mejor solito - Jhonny Rivera
85. Mentirosa, Saguate cumbia – Bahía Sound
86. Mi cumbia y mi sombrero – El Combo Del Sinu
87. Mi nena - Carlos Román y la Sonora Vallenata
88. Mira mira – Chambacú
89. Morena consentida – Gabino Pampini
90. Mosaico matecaña – Orquesta Matecaña
91. Mosaico piña – Juan Piña
92. Muriendo lentamente – Lucho Cuadros y Calixto Ochoa
93. Nada – Jairo Serrano
94. Navidad con Iván – Iván i sus Bam Band
95. No quiero envejecer - Lucho y Rafa
96. Nostalgia - Germán Carreño
97. Nubes de algodón – Liberación
98. Paloma del alma mía - El Gran David
99. Para qué mentir - Uno dos tres y Fuera
100. Patacon pisao – El Nene y Sus Traviesos
 ....

ir a la pagina 

 

http://fabionelsonortizmoncada.blogspot.com.co/

 

martes, 15 de diciembre de 2015

Circuitos calculos en linea para el 555 Astable Oscillator Alternative (with diode)


http://555-timer-circuits.uk/operation/oscillator2.html

Astable
Oscillator  

Alternative

Buen Tutorial del 555 temporizador, monoestable, one shot, biestable, astable

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/555_timer.html


The 555 Timer

We have seen that Multivibrators and CMOS Oscillators can be easily constructed from discrete components to produce relaxation oscillators for generating basic square wave output waveforms. But there are also dedicated IC’s especially designed to accurately produce the required output waveform with the addition of just a few extra timing components. One such device that has been around since the early days of IC’s and has itself become something of an industry “standard” is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly called the “555 Timer”.
The 555 timer which gets its name from the three 5kΩ resistors it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltage, is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device that can act as either a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing stabilized waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
The 555 timer chip is extremely robust and stable 8-pin device that can be operated either as a very accurate Monostable, Bistable or Astable Multivibrator to produce a variety of applications such as one-shot or delay timers, pulse generation, LED and lamp flashers, alarms and tone generation, logic clocks, frequency division, power supplies and converters etc, in fact any circuit that requires some form of time control as the list is endless.
The single 555 Timer chip in its basic form is a Bipolar 8-pin mini Dual-in-line Package (DIP) device consisting of some 25 transistors, 2 diodes and about 16 resistors arranged to form two comparators, a flip-flop and a high current output stage as shown below. As well as the 555 Timer there is also available the NE556 Timer Oscillator which combines TWO individual 555’s within a single 14-pin DIP package and low power CMOS versions of the single 555 timer such as the 7555 and LMC555 which use MOSFET transistors instead.
A simplified “block diagram” representing the internal circuitry of the 555 timer is given below with a brief explanation of each of its connecting pins to help provide a clearer understanding of how it works.

555 Timer Block Diagram

555 timer block diagram
 
• Pin 1. – Ground, The ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative (0v) supply rail.
• Pin 2. – Trigger, The negative input to comparator No 1. A negative pulse on this pin “sets” the internal Flip-flop when the voltage drops below 1/3Vcc causing the output to switch from a “LOW” to a “HIGH” state.
• Pin 3. – Output, The output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of sourcing or sinking up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal to approximately Vcc – 1.5V so small speakers, LEDs or motors can be connected directly to the output.
• Pin 4. – Reset, This pin is used to “reset” the internal Flip-flop controlling the state of the output, pin 3. This is an active-low input and is generally connected to a logic “1” level when not used to prevent any unwanted resetting of the output.
• Pin 5. – Control Voltage, This pin controls the timing of the 555 by overriding the 2/3Vcc level of the voltage divider network. By applying a voltage to this pin the width of the output signal can be varied independently of the RC timing network. When not used it is connected to ground via a 10nF capacitor to eliminate any noise.
• Pin 6. – Threshold, The positive input to comparator No 2. This pin is used to reset the Flip-flop when the voltage applied to it exceeds 2/3Vcc causing the output to switch from “HIGH” to “LOW” state. This pin connects directly to the RC timing circuit.
• Pin 7. – Discharge, The discharge pin is connected directly to the Collector of an internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing capacitor to ground when the output at pin 3 switches “LOW”.
• Pin 8. – Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin and for general purpose TTL 555 timers is between 4.5V and 15V.
 
The 555 Timers name comes from the fact that there are three 5kΩ resistors connected together internally producing a voltage divider network between the supply voltage at pin 8 and ground at pin 1. The voltage across this series resistive network holds the negative inverting input of comparator two at 2/3Vcc and the positive non-inverting input to comparator one at 1/3Vcc.
The two comparators produce an output voltage dependant upon the voltage difference at their inputs which is determined by the charging and discharging action of the externally connected RC network. The outputs from both comparators are connected to the two inputs of the flip-flop which in turn produces either a “HIGH” or “LOW” level output at Q based on the states of its inputs. The output from the flip-flop is used to control a high current output switching stage to drive the connected load producing either a “HIGH” or “LOW” voltage level at the output pin.
The most common use of the 555 timer oscillator is as a simple astable oscillator by connecting two resistors and a capacitor across its terminals to generate a fixed pulse train with a time period determined by the time constant of the RC network. But the 555 timer oscillator chip can also be connected in a variety of different ways to produce Monostable or Bistable multivibrators as well as the more common Astable Multivibrator.

The Monostable 555 Timer

The operation and output of the 555 timer monostable is exactly the same as that for the transistorised one we look at previously in the Monostable Multivibrators tutorial. The difference this time is that the two transistors have been replaced by the 555 timer device. Consider the 555 timer monostable circuit below.

Monostable 555 Timer

monostable 555 timer
 
When a negative ( 0V ) pulse is applied to the trigger input (pin 2) of the Monostable configured 555 Timer oscillator, the internal comparator, (comparator No1) detects this input and “sets” the state of the flip-flop, changing the output from a “LOW” state to a “HIGH” state. This action in turn turns “OFF” the discharge transistor connected to pin 7, thereby removing the short circuit across the external timing capacitor, C1.
This action allows the timing capacitor to start to charge up through resistor, R1 until the voltage across the capacitor reaches the threshold (pin 6) voltage of 2/3Vcc set up by the internal voltage divider network. At this point the comparators output goes “HIGH” and “resets” the flip-flop back to its original state which in turn turns “ON” the transistor and discharges the capacitor to ground through pin 7. This causes the output to change its state back to the original stable “LOW” value awaiting another trigger pulse to start the timing process over again. Then as before, the Monostable Multivibrator has only “ONE” stable state.
The Monostable 555 Timer circuit triggers on a negative-going pulse applied to pin 2 and this trigger pulse must be much shorter than the output pulse width allowing time for the timing capacitor to charge and then discharge fully. Once triggered, the 555 Monostable will remain in this “HIGH” unstable output state until the time period set up by the R1 x C1 network has elapsed. The amount of time that the output voltage remains “HIGH” or at a logic “1” level, is given by the following time constant equation.
555 timer equation
Where, t is in seconds, R is in Ω’s and C in Farads.

555 Timer Example No1

A Monostable 555 Timer is required to produce a time delay within a circuit. If a 10uF timing capacitor is used, calculate the value of the resistor required to produce a minimum output time delay of 500ms.
500ms is the same as saying 0.5s so by rearranging the formula above, we get the calculated value for the resistor, R as:
555 monostable timer example
 
The calculated value for the timing resistor required to produce the required time constant of 500ms is therefore, 45.5KΩ’s. However, the resistor value of 45.5KΩ’s does not exist as a standard value resistor, so we would need to select the nearest preferred value resistor of 47kΩ’s which is available in all the standard ranges of tolerance from the E12 (10%) to the E96 (1%), giving us a new recalculated time delay of 517ms.
If this time difference of 17ms (500 – 517ms) is unacceptable instead of one single timing resistor, two different value resistor could be connected together in series to adjust the pulse width to the exact desired value, or a different timing capacitor value chosen.
We now know that the time delay or output pulse width of a monostable 555 timer is determined by the time constant of the connected RC network. If long time delays are required in the 10’s of seconds, it is not always advisable to use high value timing capacitors as they can be physically large, expensive and have large value tolerances, e.g, ±20%.
One alternative solution is to use a small value timing capacitor and a much larger value resistor up to about 20MΩ’s to produce the require time delay. Also by using one smaller value timing capacitor and different resistor values connected to it through a multi-position rotary switch, we can produce a Monostable 555 timer oscillator circuit that can produce different pulse widths at each switch rotation such as the switchable Monostable 555 timer circuit shown below.

A Switchable 555 Timer

switchable monostable 555 timer
 
We can manually calculate the values of R and C for the individual components required as we did in the example above. However, the choice of components needed to obtain the desired time delay requires us to calculate with either kilohm’s, megaohm’s, microfarad’s or picafarad’s and it is very easy to end up with a time delay that is out by a factor of ten or even a hundred.
We can make our life a little easier by using a type of chart called a “Nomograph” that will help us to find the monostable multivibrators expected frequency output for different combinations or values of both the R and C. For example,

Monostable Nomograph

555 timer nomograph
 
So by selecting suitable values of C and R in the ranges of 0.001uF to 100uF and 1kΩ to 10MΩ’s respectively, we can read the expected output frequency directly from the nomograph graph thereby eliminating any error in the calculations. In practice the value of the timing resistor for a monostable 555 timer should not be less than 1kΩ or greater than 20MΩ

Bistable 555 Timer

As well as the one shot 555 Monostable configuration above, we can also produce a Bistable (two stable states) device with the operation and output of the 555 Bistable being similar to the transistorised one we look at previously in the Bistable Multivibrators tutorial.
The 555 Bistable is one of the simplest circuits we can build using the 555 timer oscillator chip. This bistable configuration does not use any RC timing network to produce an output waveform so no equations are required to calculate the time period of the circuit. Consider the Bistable 555 Timer circuit below.

Bistable 555 Timer (flip-flop)

bistable 555 timer
 
The switching of the output waveform is achieved by controlling the trigger and reset inputs of the 555 timer which are held “HIGH” by the two pull-up resistors, R1 and R2. By taking the trigger input (pin 2) “LOW”, switch in set position, changes the output state into the “HIGH” state and by taking the reset input (pin 4) “LOW”, switch in reset position, changes the output into the “LOW” state.
This 555 timer circuit will remain in either state indefinitely and is therefore bistable. Then the Bistable 555 timer is stable in both states, “HIGH” and “LOW”. The threshold input (pin 6) is connected to ground to ensure that it cannot reset the bistable circuit as it would in a normal timing application.

555 Timer Output

We could not finish this 555 Timer tutorial without discussing something about the switching and drive capabilities of the 555 timer or indeed the dual 556 Timer IC.
The output (pin 3) of the standard 555 timer or the 556 timer, has the ability to either “Sink” or “Source” a load current of up to a maximum of 200mA, which is sufficient to directly drive output transducers such as relays, filament lamps, LED’s motors, or speakers etc, with the aid of series resistors or diode protection.
This ability of the 555 timer to both “Sink” (absorb) and “Source” (supply) current means that the output device can be connected between the output terminal of the 555 timer and the supply to sink the load current or between the output terminal and ground to source the load current. For example.

Sinking and Sourcing the 555 Timer Output

555 timer output drive
 
sinking and sourcing the 555 timer
In the first circuit above, the LED is connected between the positive supply rail ( +Vcc ) and the output pin 3. This means that the current will “Sink” (absorb) or flow into the 555 timer output terminal and the LED will be “ON” when the output is “LOW”.
The second circuit above shows that the LED is connected between the output pin 3 and ground ( 0v ). This means that the current will “Source” (supply) or flow out of the 555 timers output terminal and the LED will be “ON” when the output is “HIGH”.
The ability of the 555 timer to both sink and source its output load current means that both LED’s can be connected to the output terminal at the same time but only one will be switched “ON” depending whether the output state is “HIGH” or “LOW”. The circuit to the left shows an example of this. the two LED’s will be alternatively switched “ON” and “OFF” depending upon the output. Resistor, R is used to limit the LED current to below 20mA.
We said earlier that the maximum output current to either sink or source the load current via pin 3 is about 200mA at the maximum supply voltage, and this value is more than enough to drive or switch other logic IC’s, LED’s or small lamps, etc. But what if we wanted to switch or control higher power devices such as motors, electromagnets, relays or loudspeakers. Then we would need to use a Transistor to amplify the 555 timers output in order to provide a sufficiently high enough power to drive the load.

555 Timer Transistor Driver

555 timer output driver
 
The transistor in the two examples above, can be replaced with a Power MOSFET device or Darlington transistor if the load current is high. When using an inductive load such as a motor, relay or electromagnet, it is advisable to connect a freewheel (or flywheel) diode directly across the load terminals to absorb any back emf voltages generated by the inductive device when it changes state.
Thus far we have look at using the 555 Timer to generate monostable and bistable output pulses. In the next tutorial about Waveform Generation we will look at connecting the 555 in an astable multivibrator configuration. When used in the astable mode both the frequency and duty cycle of the output waveform can be accurately controlled to produce a very versatile waveform generator.

lunes, 14 de diciembre de 2015

Plotter CNC con unidad de CD o DVD vieja arduino puente h y un servo pequeño

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-Mini-CNC-Plotter-Machine-from-dvd-drives/

Arduino Mini CNC Plotter Machine from dvd drives

In this project I will show you how to easily build your own low-cost Arduino Mini CNC Plotter!
This project is an update from my previous cnc, with better construction and with more accuracy.
I decided to make this detailed guide to help you make it on a few easy steps.
Small description:
For the X and Y axes we will use two stepper motors and rails from dvd/cd drives and for the Z axis we will use a small servo motor that moves the pen up and down. For the mounting base we will use a small piece of plexiglass.
You can easily attach a pen (or pencil) - irrespective of its thickness - on it. I tried to use an extension of cutting tool (e.g.Dremel) to engrave materials with no success. So this mini cnc can only be used as a small plotter and not as an engraver machine.
The Arduino-based circuit is using the ATmega328 microcontroller, two L293 motor driver ICs and an usb to serial module. You can easily make it with the Arduino uno board and an breadboard.

Picture of Arduino Mini CNC Plotter Machine from dvd drives

Frecuencimetro analogo (f to v) con 555

http://www.homemade-circuits.com/2011/12/how-to-build-inexpensive-frequency.html




How to Build an Inexpensive Frequency Meter and a Capacitance Meter at Home

Capacitors are one of the major electronic components which come under the passive component family. These are extensively used in lectronic circuits and virtually no circuit can be built without involving these important parts.

The basic function of a capacitor is to block DC and pass AC or in simple words any voltage which is pulsating in nature will be allowed to pass through a capacitor and any voltage that’s not polarized or direct will be blocked by a capacitor by the process of charging.

However unlike resistors, capacitors are difficult to measure through ordinary methods. For example, an ordinary multitester might have many measuring features included like an OHM meter, voltmeter, ammeter, diode tester, hFE tester etc. but might just not have the illusive capacitance measuring feature.
The feature of a capacitance meter or an inductance meter is seen to be available only in high end type of multimeters which are definitely not cheap and not every new hobbyist might be interested in procuring one.
The circuit discussed here very effectively tackles these issues and shows how to build a simple inexpensive capacitance cum frequency meter which can be built at home by any electronic novice and used for the intended useful application.




Circuit Description:
Referring to the figure, the IC 555 forms the heart of the entire configuration. This work horse versatile chip is configured in its most standard mode that is the monostable multivibrator mode.
Every positive peak of the pulse applied at the input that is pin #2 of the IC creates a stable output with some predetermined fixed period set by the preset P1.
However for every fall in the peak of the pulse, the monostable resets and auto triggers with the next arriving peak.
This generates a kind of an average value at the output of the IC for which is directly proportional to the frequency of the applied clock. In other words the output of the IC 555 which consists of a few resistors and capacitors integrates the series of pulses to provide a stable average value directly proportional to the applied frequency.
The average value can be easily read or displayed over a moving coil meter connected across the shown points.
So the above reading will give a direct reading of the frequency, so we have a neat looking frequency meter at our disposal.
Now looking at the next figure we can clearly see that by adding an external frequency generator to the previous circuit, it becomes possible to make the meter interpret the values of a capacitor across the indicated points, because this capacitor directly affects or is proportional to the frequency of the clock circuit.
Therefore, the net frequency value now shown at the output will correspond to the value of the capacitor connected across the above discussed points.
That means now we have a two in one circuit which can measure capacitance as well as frequency, using just a couple of ICs and some casual electronic parts.
With little modifications the circuit can be easily used as a tachometer or as RPM counter equipment.
Parts List
R1 = 4K7
R2 = 47E
R3 = CAN BE VARIABLE 100K POT
R4 = 3K3,
R5 = 10K,
R6 = 1K,
R7 1K,
R8 = 10K,
R9 = 100K,
C1 = 47n,
C2 = 100n,
C3 = 100n,
C4 = 33uF/25V,
T1 = BC547
IC1 = 555,
N1---N6 = IC4049
M1 = 1V FSD meter,
D1,D2 = 1N4148
 
 
 
 
 
 ////////////////////////////////
 

Build a Versatile Frequency Meter For Your Workbench

written by: Swagatam • edited by: Lamar Stonecypher • updated: 12/11/2010
The heart of the circuit is the workhorse IC 555, which very efficiently solely performs the function of producing a linear output voltage equivalent to the input frequency in question. It is directly measured using a moving coil type meter. Read here how the circuit can be constructed.
  • Introduction

    The frequency meters available in the market are generally too costly and sophisticated. For new electronic enthusiasts it is always difficult to lay their hands on these hi-end types of frequency meters. Also, since the measuring needs of these electronic novices are limited, a simple analogue frequency meter in most cases can easily fulfill their demands. The homemade frequency meter circuit described in this article is very simple in design and will provide an optimum frequency measuring range useful to most electronic hobbyists. Moreover it would be great fun to build a test instrument at home and use it for the testing purposes of the future construction projects.
  • What is Frequency?

    In electronics, a frequency generally is in the form of a voltage that changes or varies its polarity number of times per second. You may take the example of your domestic mains AC line where the frequency of the voltage changes from positive to negative 50 to 60 times a second, hence the name Alternating Current or AC.
    The frequencies involved in electronic circuits are always low in magnitude and may not exceed the maximum operating voltage or the supply voltage of the circuit itself. These are used to fulfill many complicated functions in a circuit and are mostly generated using CMOS logic gates. It often becomes necessary to measure the rate of these frequencies and thus a frequency meter proves to be quite an indispensable tool for it.
    The circuit of an analogue frequency meter presented here can be used to measure frequencies from as low as 25 Hz to a maximum of 500 KHz.
  • Circuit Description

    A Typical Analogue Frequency Meter To understand the circuit functioning of this homemade frequency meter, let’s go through the following explanation:
    Home made frequency meter IC 555 forms the main part of the circuit and is wired as a monostable multivibrator.
    Its frequency is determined by the external components R2, VR1 and C3. The setting of VR1 is important and may be used to adjust the measuring range of the frequency meter.
    The frequency in question is applied to the base of transistor T1 via resistor R6. T1 conducts only during the positive peaks of the input oscillations.
    During these conductions of T1, capacitor C2 is forced to discharge quickly through R7 and T1. Also, during the negative peaks of the input oscillations, T1 is cut OFF and now C2 charges via R1 but at a fairly slow rate.
    Due to this, a sharp negative pulse appears at pin 2 of the IC through the capacitor C1. Resistor R3 makes it sure that the pulse is narrow and only just triggers the IC.
    The IC immediately responds to the trigger generating a pulse of a constant period set by VR1 at its output pin 3.
    This pulse is smoothed and integrated by R4, R5 and C5, C6 to produce an average value of the pulses. A moving coil type meter can be used to indicate this integrated value.
    The magnitude of these pulses will linearly vary with the input frequency and thus can be directly measured over the meter.
 
 
 

viernes, 4 de diciembre de 2015

Juegos para PC ISOs

http://www.ciudadgamer.com/

Office 2013 Portable Descargar


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVLpvDTmLlQ

Windows 8.1 en Español 32bits descargar ISO


[ Actualizado a última versión de Windows 8.1 Pro ]

Link de Descarga (Mega): http://adf.ly/1RrDTk

Link de Descarga (Mediafire): http://adf.ly/1GAN6t

** Clave de Windows ** XHQ8N-C3MCJ-RQXB6-WCHYG-C9WKB

** Nota ** Solo tienen que descargarse uno de los dos Windows dependiendo de tu pc. Si tienes menos de 4 gb de ram solo descargan el de 32 bits, si tienen 4 gb de ram o más descargense el de 64 bits.

Como Instalar Windows 8.1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfT1C...

Menu de inicio Clasico para Windows 8.1 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVvWj...

Temas para Windows 8.1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_glx...

Mejores Juegos para Pc de bajos recursos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqQeG...

Descargar Juegos Full en Español por Mega: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSqUK...

Como Actualizar o Instalar los Drivers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0XY2...

Descargar Office 2016 Professional Plus Español: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDb8_...


**MD5 para chequear si está dañada tu ISO:**

Windows de 32 bits: 0d10d17f3d29e3ccf179180ce3d8fcc8

Windows de 64 bits: 42c022973d81dc3ac3c5adabfc14396c


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5Uku6l5O24

miércoles, 2 de diciembre de 2015

Programa para sumar las columnas de una matriz en CUDA, programación en paralelo. Nsight







Programa para sumar las columnas de una matriz en CUDA

Primero se muestran los resultados y posteriormente el código. Recordar que se utiliza el Nsight de Nvidia sobre linux Ubuntu

PRIMERO

La matriz a inicial es:

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4

Los resultados deben ser:

10 10 10 10 10


Depues de compilar y ejecutar SE MUESTRA EL RESULTADO






LUEGO (CÓDIGO)

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Includes
#include <stdio.h>

#define N 5 //512
#define BLOCK_DIM 5//512

__global__ void colsAdd (int *a, int *b);

int main() {
 int a[N][N], b[N];
 int *dev_a, *dev_b;
 int size_A = N * N * sizeof(int);
 int size_B = N * sizeof(int);
 int i,j;

 // initialize a and b with real values (NOT SHOWN)
 for(i=0;i<N;i++){
     for(j=0;j<N;j++){
         a[i][j]=i;
         printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
     }
     b[i]=0;
     printf("b%d \n",b[i]);
 }


 // Allocate en device
 cudaMalloc(&dev_a, size_A);
 cudaMalloc(&dev_b, size_B);

 // Inicializo matrices en el device
 cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, size_A, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
 cudaMemset(b ,0, N * sizeof(int));
 //cudaMemcpy(dev_b, b, size, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);

 // Invocar el kernel que suma en GPU
 //dim3 dimBlock(BLOCK_DIM, BLOCK_DIM);
 //dim3 dimGrid((int)ceil(N/dimBlock.x),(int)ceil(N/dimBlock.y));
 //colsAdd<<<dimGrid,dimBlock>>>(dev_a,dev_b);

 //Lanzamiento de threads con un solo bloque
 // configuración de la ejecución
dim3 dimBlock(BLOCK_DIM, BLOCK_DIM);
dim3 dimGrid((int)ceil(N/dimBlock.x),(int)ceil(N/dimBlock.y));
 // lanzamiento del kernel
 colsAdd<<<dimGrid,dimBlock>>>(dev_a,dev_b);


 // Traer resultado
 cudaMemcpy(b, dev_b, size_B, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);

 for(i=0;i<N;i++){
      printf("%d ",b[i]);
  }


 cudaFree(dev_a); cudaFree(dev_b);
}

// Suma por columnas de una matriz
__global__ void colsAdd (int* a, int* b) {

//int col = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
//int row = blockIdx.y * blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;

int Pvalue=0;
 for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) {
    Pvalue = Pvalue + a[threadIdx.y+k*N];
 }
 b[threadIdx.y] = Pvalue;

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

 




REFERENCIAS
Algunas páginas de ayuda
http://www.fing.edu.uy/inco/cursos/gpgpu/clases/P12xh.pdf
http://computacion.cs.cinvestav.mx/~ameneses/pub/notas/cuda_taller.pdf
http://users.wfu.edu/choss/CUDA/docs/Lecture%205.pdf

http://www.3dgep.com/introduction-to-cuda-5-0/