martes, 21 de marzo de 2023

Python f-string


https://zetcode.com/python/fstring/


Contenido:

Python string formatting

Python f-string expressions

Python f-string dictionaries

Python f-string debug

Python multiline f-string

Python f-string calling function

Python f-string objects

Python f-string escaping characters

Python f-string format datetime

Python f-string format floats

Python f-string format width

Python f-string justify string

Python f-string numeric notations


Python f-string

last modified January 9, 2023

Python f-string tutorial shows how to format strings in Python with f-string.

Python f-string

Python f-string is the newest Python syntax to do string formatting. It is available since Python 3.6. Python f-strings provide a faster, more readable, more concise, and less error prone way of formatting strings in Python.

The f-strings have the f prefix and use {} brackets to evaluate values.

Format specifiers for types, padding, or aligning are specified after the colon character; for instance: f'{price:.3}', where price is a variable name.

Python string formatting

The following example summarizes string formatting options in Python.

formatting_strings.py
#!/usr/bin/python

name = 'Peter'
age = 23

print('%s is %d years old' % (name, age))
print('{} is {} years old'.format(name, age))
print(f'{name} is {age} years old')

The example formats a string using two variables.

print('%s is %d years old' % (name, age))

This is the oldest option. It uses the % operator and classic string format specifies such as %s and %d.

print('{} is {} years old'.format(name, age))

Since Python 3.0, the format function was introduced to provide advance formatting options.

print(f'{name} is {age} years old')

Python f-strings are available since Python 3.6. The string has the f prefix and uses {} to evaluate variables.

$ python formatting_string.py
Peter is 23 years old
Peter is 23 years old
Peter is 23 years old

Python f-string expressions

We can put expressions between the {} brackets.

expressions.py
#!/usr/bin/python

bags = 3
apples_in_bag = 12

print(f'There are total of {bags * apples_in_bag} apples')

The example evaluates an expression inside f-string.

$ python expressions.py
There are total of 36 apples

Python f-string dictionaries

We can work with dictionaries in f-strings.

dicts.py
#!/usr/bin/python

user = {'name': 'John Doe', 'occupation': 'gardener'}

print(f"{user['name']} is a {user['occupation']}")

The example evaluates a dictionary in an f-string.

$ python dicts.py
John Doe is a gardener

Python f-string debug

Python 3.8 introduced the self-documenting expression with the = character.

debug.py
#!/usr/bin/python

import math

x = 0.8

print(f'{math.cos(x) = }')
print(f'{math.sin(x) = }')

The example outputs the Sine and Cosine functions in the debug mode.

$ python debug.py
math.cos(x) = 0.6967067093471654
math.sin(x) = 0.7173560908995228

Python multiline f-string

We can work with multiline strings.

multiline.py
#!/usr/bin/python

name = 'John Doe'
age = 32
occupation = 'gardener'

msg = (
    f'Name: {name}\n'
    f'Age: {age}\n'
    f'Occupation: {occupation}'
)

print(msg)

The example presents a multiline f-string. The f-strings are placed between round brackets; each of the strings is preceded with the f character.

$ python multiline.py
Name: John Doe
Age: 32
Occupation: gardener

Python f-string calling function

We can also call functions in f-strings.

call_function.py
#!/usr/bin/python

def mymax(x, y):

    return x if x > y else y

a = 3
b = 4

print(f'Max of {a} and {b} is {mymax(a, b)}')

The example calls a custom function in the f-string.

$ python call_fun.py
Max of 3 and 4 is 4

Python f-string objects

Python f-string accepts objects as well; the objects must have either __str__ or __repr__ magic functions defined.

objects.py
#!/usr/bin/python

class User:
    def __init__(self, name, occupation):
        self.name = name
        self.occupation = occupation

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"{self.name} is a {self.occupation}"

u = User('John Doe', 'gardener')

print(f'{u}')

The example evaluates an object in the f-string.

$ python objects.py
John Doe is a gardener

Python f-string escaping characters

The following example shows how to escape certain characters in f-strings.

escaping.py
#!/usr/bin/python

print(f'Python uses {{}} to evaludate variables in f-strings')
print(f'This was a \'great\' film')

To escape a curly bracket, we double the character. A single quote is escaped with a backslash character.

$ python escaping.py
Python uses {} to evaludate variables in f-strings
This was a 'great' film

Python f-string format datetime

The following example formats datetime.

format_datetime.py
#!/usr/bin/python

import datetime

now = datetime.datetime.now()

print(f'{now:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}')

The example displays a formatted current datetime. The datetime format specifiers follow the : character.

$ python format_datetime.py
2021-08-20 15:13

Python f-string format floats

Floating point values have the f suffix. We can also specify the precision: the number of decimal places. The precision is a value that goes right after the dot character.

format_floats.py
#!/usr/bin/python

val = 12.3

print(f'{val:.2f}')
print(f'{val:.5f}')

The example prints a formatted floating point value.

$ python format_floats.py
12.30
12.30000

The output shows the number having two and five decimal places.

Python f-string format width

The width specifier sets the width of the value. The value may be filled with spaces or other characters if the value is shorter than the specified width.

format_width.py
#!/usr/bin/python

for x in range(1, 11):
    print(f'{x:02} {x*x:3} {x*x*x:4}')

The example prints three columns. Each of the columns has a predefined width. The first column uses 0 to fill shorter values.

$ python format_width.py
01   1    1
02   4    8
03   9   27
04  16   64
05  25  125
06  36  216
07  49  343
08  64  512
09  81  729
10 100 1000

Python f-string justify string

By default, the strings are justified to the left. We can use the > character to justify the strings to the right. The > character follows the colon character.

justify.py
#!/usr/bin/python

s1 = 'a'
s2 = 'ab'
s3 = 'abc'
s4 = 'abcd'

print(f'{s1:>10}')
print(f'{s2:>10}')
print(f'{s3:>10}')
print(f'{s4:>10}')

We have four strings of different length. We set the width of the output to ten characters. The values are justified to the right.

$ python justify.py
         a
        ab
       abc
      abcd

Python f-string numeric notations

Numbers can have various numeric notations, such as decadic or hexadecimal.

format_notations.py
#!/usr/bin/python

a = 300

# hexadecimal
print(f"{a:x}")

# octal
print(f"{a:o}")

# scientific
print(f"{a:e}")

The example prints a value in three different notations.

$ python format_notations.py
12c
454
3.000000e+02

In this tutorial, we have worked with Python f-strings.

List all Python tutorials.

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